Trichogramma wasp is one of the most successful parasitic species in the world, mainly used to control many pests. The effects of field (RC) and half recommended concentrations (half RC) of four insecticides: 1. Tetraniliprole, 2. Chlorantraniliprole 3. Lufenuron, and 4. Thiocyclam was studied in different preimaginal stages of 1. Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko and 2. Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Parasitized eggs of the angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) were treated by 1. The dipping method at the larval, 2. Prepupal, and 3. Pupal stages of the parasitoid. For persistence evaluation, the insecticides were applied at the recommended concentration on tomato plants in a pot by a hand sprayer till the Runoff point. Plants were maintained under a transparent polyethylene rain cover in the field. Leaves of the treated tomato plants were sampled and transferred to the laboratory at time intervals of 3, 5, 16, and 31 days after application. In this experiment were adults (< 24 hours old) of T. brassicae and T. evanescens. Based on our results, thiocyclam at both RC and half RC was the most harmful insecticide for immature stages of both parasitoids. This insecticide at the prepupal stage (at both RC and half RC) had more adverse effects than in pupal or larval stages. Tetraniliprole, with 23.33% and 21.11% mortality in less than five days, was classified as the short-lived insecticide for T. brassicae and T. evanescens, respectively. The same result was obtained in the chlorantraniliprole treatment. That caused 25% and 26.11% mortality to the parasitoids, T. brassicae, and T. evanescens. Lufenuron, with 30.55% and 30.00% mortality in less than five days, was short-lived. However, thiocyclam, with 14.44% and 16.67% mortality in less than 30 days and 65.55% and 69.44% mortality in less than five days, was classified as moderately persistent for those two species. Therefore, according to the results, 1. tetraniliprole, 2. chlorantraniliprole, and 3. lufenuron can control lepidopteran pests by observing the appropriate spraying distance to release Trichogramma wasps. Thiocyclam, on the other hand, should be employed with extreme caution.

زمینه و هدف: در ایران با افزایش تعداد خودروها، ترافیک هر روز سنگین تر می شود. عمدتا راه حل های ارایه شده از سوی نهادهای مختلف بر اساس تامین اهداف سازمان مربوطه انجام شده و نتایج مطلوبی در برنداشته است. هدف از این تحقیق، ارایه مدلی جامع از عوامل تاثیرگذار بر ترافیکی گامی برداشته شود.روش: روش تحقیق حاضر توصیفی - پیمایشی است که بر اساس آن شاخص ها و مولفه های موثر بر ترافیک شناسایی شده و پس از توسعه مدل اولیه با روش استقرایی، مفاهیم و فرضیه های تازه ای تدوین گردیده و بر مبنای آنها مدل تکمیل و با داده های واقعی آزمایش شده است.یافته ها: عوامل موثر بر ترافیک عبارت است از: مدیریت بر سفرهای شهری، مدیریت بر پارکینگ ها، مدیریت ناوگانی و شبکه حمل و نقل عمومی، مدیریت بر فرهنگ سازی ترافیک، مدیریت بر شهرسازی، مدیریت بر اورژانس ها، مدیریت شبکه ترافیک، مدیریت بر استانداردسازی، نصب و نگهداری خدمات ترافیکی، مدیریت مکانیزه ترافیک، مدیریت بر مهندسی ترافیک، مدیریت بر تحقیق و توسعه.نتیجه گیری: پیش از آزمون روابط علی توسط لیزرل مولفه های به کار رفته در مدل مفهومی با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی بررسی گردید که وجود مولفه های یازده گانه برآمده از متغیرهای تحقیق را تایید نمود. مقادیر ستون های «میزان اشتراک متغیرها» و «همبستگی متغیرها با مولفه مربوط» نشان داد اولا متغیرها به اندازه کافی برازش شده اند و ثانیا بین هر متغیر با مولفه مربوط همبستگی مطلوبی وجود دارد.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-INTEGRATED power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.